{"id":1076,"date":"2025-09-30T10:30:35","date_gmt":"2025-09-30T08:30:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/khusseintakhmazov24.thkit.ee\/wp\/?p=1076"},"modified":"2025-10-28T12:34:15","modified_gmt":"2025-10-28T09:34:15","slug":"konspekt-teemaga","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/khusseintakhmazov24.thkit.ee\/wp\/eng\/?p=1076","title":{"rendered":"konspekt teemaga"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Programmeerimise ajalugu<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Programmeerimise arengulugu h\u00f5lmab teekonda esimestest programmeerimiskeeltest kuni t\u00e4nap\u00e4evaste tehnoloogiateni. See sisaldab olulisi saavutusi, m\u00f5jukaid isikuid ning erinevate programmeerimisparadigmade kujunemist ja arengut.<\/p>\n\n\n

\nprint("Tere, maailm!")\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n
S\u00fcntaks<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n
S\u00fcntaks on reeglistik, mis m\u00e4\u00e4rab, kuidas tuleb koodi kirjutada, et see oleks arvutile arusaadav. See h\u00f5lmab n\u00e4iteks m\u00e4rks\u00f5nu, operaatoreid, kirjavahem\u00e4rke ning loogilist koodi \u00fclesehitust.<\/p>\n\n\n
\na = 5\nb = 3\n\nif a > b:\n    print("a on suurem kui b")\nelif a > b\n    print("a on suurem")\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n
Muutujad<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n
Muutujad on nimelised kohad arvuti m\u00e4lus, kuhu saab salvestada andmeid ja millele saab hiljem viidata. Igal muutujal on t\u00fc\u00fcp (nt int, float, string, bool) ja v\u00e4\u00e4rtus, mida saab programmi k\u00e4ivitamisel muuta.<\/p>\n\n\n
\nnimi = "Anna"          # str \u2013 s\u00f5ne\nvanus = 25             # int \u2013 t\u00e4isarv\nk\u00f5rgus = 1.68          # float \u2013 ujukomaarv\non_\u00f5pilane = True      # bool \u2013 t\u00f5ev\u00e4\u00e4rtus\n\nprint(nimi, "on", vanus, "aastat vana.")\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n
Lineaarsed programmid<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Lineaarsed programmid koosnevad juhistest, mis t\u00e4idetakse j\u00e4rjestikku, ilma harude v\u00f5i kordusteta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Programmi voog on sirgjooneline \u2013 algusest l\u00f5puni.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00fc\u00fcpilised tegevused: sisendi lugemine, arvutuste tegemine ja v\u00e4ljundi kuvamine.<\/p>\n\n\n
\nnimi = input("Sisesta oma nimi: ")\nvanus = int(input("Sisesta oma vanus: "))\nprint("Tere,", nimi)\nprint("J\u00e4rgmisel aastal oled sa", vanus + 1, "aastat vana.")\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n
Valikud<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Valikulaused v\u00f5imaldavad programmil teha otsuseid ja t\u00e4ita erinevaid koodiplokke s\u00f5ltuvalt tingimuste t\u00f5esusest v\u00f5i v\u00e4\u00e4rusest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  • if<\/strong>: Kui tingimus on t\u00f5ene, t\u00e4idetakse if-ploki kood.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • elif (else if)<\/strong>: Kui eelnev if v\u00f5i elif tingimus oli v\u00e4\u00e4r, kontrollitakse uut tingimust. Kui see on t\u00f5ene, t\u00e4idetakse vastav koodiplokk.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • else<\/strong>: Kui \u00fckski eelnevatest tingimustest ei olnud t\u00f5ene, t\u00e4idetakse else-plokk. Else on valikuline.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n
    \nnumber = int(input("Sisesta arv: "))\n\nif number > 0:\n    print("Arv on positiivne.")\nelif number < 0:\n    print("Arv on negatiivne.")\nelse:\n    print("Arv on null.")\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n
    \n\n\n\n
    Kordused<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    Ts\u00fcklid v\u00f5imaldavad teatud koodiplokki mitu korda korrata.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
      \n
    • for-ts\u00fckkel<\/strong>: Kasutatakse j\u00e4rjendite (nt loendid, s\u00f5ned) kordamiseks kindel arv kordi. Sageli koos range()<\/code> funktsiooniga.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n
      \nfor i in range(5):\n    print("Tere", i)\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n
        \n
      • while-ts\u00fckkel<\/strong>: Kordab koodiplokki, kuni mingi tingimus on t\u00f5ene. Tingimust kontrollitakse enne iga kordust. Oluline on tagada, et tingimus muutuks ts\u00fckli sees, v\u00e4ltimaks l\u00f5putut ts\u00fcklit.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n
        \narv = 1\nwhile arv <= 5:\n    print("Arv:", arv)\n    arv += 1\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n
        Ts\u00fckli juhtlausete n\u00e4ited<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
          \n
        • break<\/strong>: katkestab ts\u00fckli kohe.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • continue<\/strong>: j\u00e4tkab ts\u00fcklit j\u00e4rgmise kordusega, vahele j\u00e4ttes \u00fclej\u00e4\u00e4nud koodi jooksvas ts\u00fcklis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n
          \nfor i in range(10):\n    if i == 7:\n        break\n    if i % 2 == 0:\n        continue\n    print(i)\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n
          \n\n\n\n
          Loendid<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
          Loendid on j\u00e4rjekorras, muudetavad andmekogumid, mis v\u00f5ivad sisaldada erinevat t\u00fc\u00fcpi elemente.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
            \n
          • Elementidele p\u00e4\u00e4seb ligi indeksi kaudu (alates nullist).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • V\u00f5imalikud toimingud: lisamine, eemaldamine, muutmine, sortimine, viilutamine.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
            Levinud meetodid<\/strong>: append()<\/code>, insert()<\/code>, remove()<\/code>, pop()<\/code>, sort()<\/code>, reverse()<\/code>, len()<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n
            \nostunimekiri = ["leib", "piim", "juust"]\nostunimekiri.append("v\u00f5i")\nostunimekiri.remove("piim")\nostunimekiri.sort()\n\nprint(ostunimekiri)\n\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n
            \n\n\n\n
            Kasutaja funktsioonid<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
            Funktsioonid on korduvkasutatavad koodiplokid, mis t\u00e4idavad konkreetset \u00fclesannet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
              \n
            • Aitavad koodi struktuureerida, muuta loetavamaks ja v\u00e4hendada kordust.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • Funktsiooni defineerimiseks kasutatakse m\u00e4rks\u00f5na def<\/code>, millele j\u00e4rgneb nimi, sulud parameetritega ja koolon. Keha on taandatud.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
              Parameetrid ja argumendid<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                \n
              • Parameetrid m\u00e4\u00e4ratakse funktsiooni defineerimisel.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • Argumendid on v\u00e4\u00e4rtused, mida funktsiooni kutsumisel parameetritele antakse.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                Tagastusv\u00e4\u00e4rtus<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                  \n
                • Funktsioon v\u00f5ib midagi tagastada return<\/code> abil.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • Kui return<\/code> puudub v\u00f5i on ilma v\u00e4\u00e4rtuseta, tagastatakse vaikimisi None<\/code>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                  Kohalikud ja globaalsed muutujad<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                    \n
                  • Funktsioonis m\u00e4\u00e4ratud muutujad on kohalikud.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • Funktsiooni v\u00e4lised muutujad on globaalsed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n
                    \ndef tervita(nimi):\n    print("Tere,", nimi)\n\ntervita("Kati")\n\ndef korruta(a, b):\n    return a * b\n\ntulemus = korruta(3, 4)\nprint("Tulemus on:", tulemus)\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n
                    \n\n\n\n
                    S\u00f5nastikud<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                    S\u00f5nastikud on j\u00e4rjekorrata, muudetavad andmestruktuurid, mis hoiavad andmeid v\u00f5tme-v\u00e4\u00e4rtuse paaridena.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                      \n
                    • Iga v\u00f5ti peab olema unikaalne ja muutumatu (nt s\u00f5ne, arv). V\u00e4\u00e4rtus v\u00f5ib olla suvaline t\u00fc\u00fcp.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • Elementidele p\u00e4\u00e4seb ligi v\u00f5tme, mitte indeksi kaudu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                      Levinud meetodid<\/strong>: keys()<\/code>, values()<\/code>, items()<\/code>, get()<\/code>, pop()<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n
                      \nopilane = {\n    "nimi": "Jaan",\n    "vanus": 17,\n    "klass": "11B"\n}\n\nprint(opilane["nimi"])\nopilane["vanus"] = 18\nopilane["aadress"] = "Tallinn"\n\nfor v\u00f5ti, v\u00e4\u00e4rtus in opilane.items():\n    print(v\u00f5ti, ":", v\u00e4\u00e4rtus)\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n
                      \n\n\n\n
                      Failidega t\u00f6\u00f6tamine<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                      Failidega t\u00f6\u00f6tamine v\u00f5imaldab andmeid p\u00fcsivalt salvestada ja hiljem lugeda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                      Faili avamine<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                        \n
                      • Kasutatakse open()<\/code> funktsiooni, mille argumendid on failinimi ja t\u00f6\u00f6re\u017eiim (nt 'r'<\/code> lugemiseks, 'w'<\/code> kirjutamiseks, 'a'<\/code> lisamiseks, 'b'<\/code> binaarre\u017eiim).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                        Failist lugemine<\/strong>: read()<\/code>, readline()<\/code>, readlines()<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                        Faili kirjutamine<\/strong>: write()<\/code>, writelines()<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                        Faili sulgemine<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                          \n
                        • P\u00e4rast t\u00f6\u00f6 l\u00f5petamist tuleb fail sulgeda close()<\/code> abil, et andmed salvestuksid \u00f5igesti ja ressursid vabaneksid.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                          Soovitatav<\/strong>: kasutada konstruktsiooni with open(...) as ...:<\/code>, mis sulgeb faili automaatselt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                          Erinevad failivormingud<\/strong>: .txt<\/code>, .csv<\/code>, .json<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n
                          \n# Kirjutamine\nwith open("andmed.txt", "w") as fail:\n    fail.write("Tere, fail!")\n\n# Lugemine\nwith open("andmed.txt", "r") as fail:\n    sisu = fail.read()\n    print(sisu)\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n
                          \n\n\n\n
                          Graafikute ja diagrammide loomine<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                          Andmete visualiseerimine graafikute ja diagrammide abil aitab paremini m\u00f5ista mustreid, trende ja seoseid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                          Levinud Python’i teegid<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                            \n
                          • Matplotlib<\/strong> \u2013 p\u00f5hiline ja laialt kasutatav<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                          • Seaborn<\/strong> \u2013 p\u00f5hineb Matplotlibil, pakub k\u00f5rgema taseme kasutajaliidest statistilisteks graafikuteks<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                          • Plotly<\/strong> \u2013 v\u00f5imaldab interaktiivseid graafikuid<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                            Graafikute t\u00fc\u00fcbid<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                              \n
                            • Joonisgraafik<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • Tulpdiagramm<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • Hajusdiagramm<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • Sektordiagramm<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • Histogramm<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                              Kohandused<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                                \n
                              • Telgede nimed, pealkirjad, legendid, v\u00e4rvid, stiilid<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n
                                \nimport matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n\nx = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]\ny = [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]\n\nplt.plot(x, y)\nplt.title("Lihtne joonisgraafik")\nplt.xlabel("X telg")\nplt.ylabel("Y telg")\nplt.grid(True)\nplt.show()\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n
                                \n\n\n\n
                                Graafiline kasutajaliides (GUI)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                                Graafiline kasutajaliides v\u00f5imaldab kasutajatel suhelda programmiga visuaalsete elementide (aknad, nupud, tekstiv\u00e4ljad jms) kaudu, mitte ainult k\u00e4surea kaudu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                                  \n
                                • Tkinter<\/strong>: Python\u2019i standardne GUI-teek, lihtne alustada, platvormi\u00fclene<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                • CustomTkinter<\/strong>: moodsam ja visuaalselt atraktiivsem alternatiiv, pakub rohkem kohandamisv\u00f5imalusi<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                                  P\u00f5him\u00f5tted GUI loomiseks<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                                    \n
                                  • Vidinate paigutamine aknasse<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                  • S\u00fcndmuste haldamine (nt nupuvajutused, hiire liigutused)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n
                                    \nimport tkinter as tk\n\naken = tk.Tk()\naken.title("Tere tulemast!")\n\nsilt = tk.Label(aken, text="Tere, kasutaja!")\nsilt.pack()\n\nnupp = tk.Button(aken, text="Sulge", command=aken.destroy)\nnupp.pack()\n\naken.mainloop()\n<\/pre><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
                                    Programmeerimise ajalugu Programmeerimise arengulugu h\u00f5lmab teekonda esimestest programmeerimiskeeltest kuni t\u00e4nap\u00e4evaste tehnoloogiateni. See sisaldab olulisi saavutusi, m\u00f5jukaid isikuid ning erinevate programmeerimisparadigmade kujunemist ja arengut. S\u00fcntaks S\u00fcntaks on reeglistik, mis m\u00e4\u00e4rab, kuidas tuleb koodi kirjutada, et see oleks arvutile arusaadav. See h\u00f5lmab n\u00e4iteks m\u00e4rks\u00f5nu, operaatoreid, kirjavahem\u00e4rke ning loogilist koodi \u00fclesehitust. Muutujad Muutujad on nimelised kohad arvuti m\u00e4lus, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1076","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-programming"],"yoast_head":"\nkonspekt teemaga - Hussein Tahmazov portfolio eng<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/khusseintakhmazov24.thkit.ee\/wp\/eng\/?p=1076\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"konspekt teemaga - Hussein Tahmazov portfolio eng\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Programmeerimise ajalugu Programmeerimise arengulugu h\u00f5lmab teekonda esimestest programmeerimiskeeltest kuni t\u00e4nap\u00e4evaste tehnoloogiateni. See sisaldab olulisi saavutusi, m\u00f5jukaid isikuid ning erinevate programmeerimisparadigmade kujunemist ja arengut. S\u00fcntaks S\u00fcntaks on reeglistik, mis m\u00e4\u00e4rab, kuidas tuleb koodi kirjutada, et see oleks arvutile arusaadav. See h\u00f5lmab n\u00e4iteks m\u00e4rks\u00f5nu, operaatoreid, kirjavahem\u00e4rke ning loogilist koodi \u00fclesehitust. 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